Urbanization - Challenges and Remedies
                     URBANIZATION: 
CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES
What is 
Urbanization?
In general usage, urbanization refers to the 
relative concentration of a territory’s population 
in towns and cities (i.e. relative urban growth). 
It may also refer to the process of being urban.
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Demographic 
Process
As a demographic process, which is the 
commonest use of the term, urbanization 
involves towns and cities growing in relative 
size within a space economy through, first, an 
increasing proportion of the population living in 
an urban place and, second, their concentration 
in the target urban settlement.
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Urbanization 
Definition
Any places having municipality, corporation, 
cantonment board, or notified town area 
committee. All the other places which satisfy the 
following criteria :
• A minimum population of 5000 persons ;
• At least 75 % of male main working 
population engaged in non-agricultural 
pursuits ; and
• A density of population of at least 400 
persons per square kilometer.
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CHALLENGES
Urban to Rural 
Migration
As the urban area is expanding, urban culture is 
spreading. This leads to:
• Transportation cost increases
• Urban pollutants are reaching in villages
• Municipal revenue is declining
• Problem of vacant houses
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Environmenta
l degradation
Industrial complexes remain in towns. 
Skyscraper winds and many other patterns of 
wind have emerged. Acid rain, temperature 
increase, air pollution, etc. are of concern. This 
leads to health problems.
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Demographic 
problems
Inverse age pyramid is an outcome. Old-age 
occupants dominate the town. This is called neo 
population explosion. The impact is labour 
shortage. 
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REMEDIES
Rural 
Development
Urban centers of developing countries first need 
to check the rural-urban migration. It needs 
rural development and the development of 
smaller town areas.
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Other 
Remedies
• Rapid Mass Transport (RMT) for better 
transportation system.
• Reform of the urban water sector.
• Efficient use of urban land – Scientific town 
planning & Sustainable development of urban 
planning needed.
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Other 
Remedies Cont.
• Long term strategic urban planning with the 
overall regional planning perspective.
• The environmental sustainability of urban 
development.
• Investment in new urban infrastructure assets 
and maintenance of assets.
• Need to strengthen urban governance
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