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.NET Introduction
The .Net framework is a software development platform developed by Microsoft. The framework was meant 
to create applications, which would run on the Windows Platform. The first version of the .Net framework 
was released in the year 2002.
The version was called .Net framework 1.0. The .Net framework has come a long way since then, and the 
current version is 4.7.1.
The .Net framework can be used to create both - Form-based and Web-based applications. Web services  
can also be developed using the .Net framework.
.NET has been used by a large number of developers for the creation of apps and services on multiple 
devices and OS. One aspect of .NET that stands out is the range of features that it offers. In addition to that, 
programmers get access to a code execution environment to minimize conflicts during the deployment and 
versioning of the software. Another important characteristic that needs to be spoken about here is its 
consistent developer experience while building a range of different apps.
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.Net Framework Architecture
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.NET Components
The architecture of the .Net framework is based on the following key components;
1. Common Language Runtime
The "Common Language Infrastructure" or CLI is a platform on which the .Net programs are executed.
The CLI has the following key features:
Exception Handling - Exceptions are errors which occur when the application is executed.Examples of 
exceptions are:
If an application tries to open a file on the local machine, but the file is not present.
If the application tries to fetch some records from a database, but the connection to the database is 
not valid.
Garbage Collection - Garbage collection is the process of removing unwanted resources when they are 
no longer required.Examples of garbage collection are
A File handle which is no longer required. If the application has finished all operations on a file, then 
the file handle may no longer be required.
The database connection is no longer required. If the application has finished all operations on a 
database, then the database connection may no longer be required.
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Working with Various programming languages –
Language - The first level is the programming language itself, the most common ones are VB.Net and C#.
Compiler – There is a compiler which will be separate for each programming language. So underlying the 
VB.Net language, there will be a separate VB.Net compiler. Similarly, for C#, you will have another compiler.
Common Language Interpreter – This is the final layer in .Net which would be used to run a .net program 
developed in any programming language. So the subsequent compiler will send the program to the CLI layer 
to run the .Net application.
2. Class Library
The .NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries. A class library is a collection of methods 
and functions that can be used for the core purpose.
For example, there is a class library with methods to handle all file-level operations. So there is a 
method which can be used to read the text from a file. Similarly, there is a method to write text to a file.
Most of the methods are split into either the System.* or Microsoft.* namespaces. 
A namespace is a logical separation of methods. 
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3. Languages
The types of applications that can be built in the .Net framework is classified broadly into the following 
categories.
WinForms – This is used for developing Forms-based applications, which would run on an end user 
machine. Notepad is an example of a client-based application.
ASP.Net – This is used for developing web-based applications, which are made to run on any browser 
such as Internet Explorer, Chrome or Firefox.
The Web application would be processed on a server, which would have Internet Information Services 
Installed.
Internet Information Services or IIS is a Microsoft component which is used to execute 
an Asp.Net application.
The result of the execution is then sent to the client machines, and the output is shown in the 
browser.
ADO.Net – This technology is used to develop applications to interact with Databases such as Oracle or 
Microsoft SQL Server.
Microsoft always ensures that .Net frameworks are in compliance with all the supported Windows 
operating systems.
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.Net Framework Design Principle
The following design principles of the .Net framework is what makes it very relevant to create .Net based applications.
Interoperability - The .Net framework provides a lot of backward support. Suppose if you had an application built on 
an older version of the .Net framework, say 2.0. And if you tried to run the same application on a machine which had 
the higher version of the .Net framework, say 3.5. The application would still work. This is because with every release, 
Microsoft ensures that older framework versions gel well with the latest version.
Portability- Applications built on the .Net framework can be made to work on any Windows platform. And now in 
recent times, Microsoft is also envisioning to make Microsoft products work on other platforms, such as iOS and Linux.
Security - The .NET Framework has a good security mechanism. The inbuilt security mechanism helps in both 
validation and verification of applications. Every application can explicitly define their security mechanism. Each 
security mechanism is used to grant the user access to the code or to the running program.
Memory management - The Common Language runtime does all the work or memory management. The .Net 
framework has all the capability to see those resources, which are not used by a running program. It would then 
release those resources accordingly. This is done via a program called the "Garbage Collector" which runs as part of 
the .NET framework.The garbage collector runs at regular intervals and keeps on checking which system resources 
are not utilized, and frees them accordingly.
Simplified deployment - The .Net framework also have tools, which can be used to package applications built on 
the .Net framework. These packages can then be distributed to client machines. The packages would then 
automatically install the application.
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What is .NET used for?
.NET is feature rich and it can be used for a wide variety of next generation apps. Let’s now 
try to be more specific and delve into the range of apps that can be built with the use of this 
framework.
•Business Functions
•Re-Designing
•Interoperable Apps
•Gaming
•Communication
•Multi-Tiered Software Architecture
• Cross Platform
•Mobile Apps
 
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Advantages of .NET Development
•Object Oriented Disadvantages of .NET Development
•Caching Along with advantages, you will always come 
•Easy Maintenance across disadvantages of any platform. That’s 
•Time-Saving the case with .NET too.
•Simplicity • Limited Object Relational (OR) 
•Feature-Rich support
•Consistency •Slower than Native Code
•Monitoring •Vendor lock-in
•Expensive
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